Common Investment Terms You Need to Know

Investing can be a daunting task, especially for those who are new to the stock market. The prospect of putting your hard-earned money into unfamiliar financial instruments such as common stocks, real estate, or bonds can be overwhelming. 

It's no wonder that so many people find the idea of investing intimidating!

But fear not – with a little bit of knowledge and some guidance, you can become a savvy investor in no time.

In this article, we'll walk you through common investment terms you need to know, so you can invest with confidence and make informed decisions. Whether you're a beginner or just looking to brush up on your investment vocabulary, we've got you covered.

What Are Stocks?

At its core, stocks are a type of investment that represents ownership in a company. When you buy a share of a company's stock, you become a part owner of that company. 

The value of a stock depends on a variety of factors, including:

• The company's financial health
• Industry trends
• Overall state of the economy

The price of a stock fluctuates based on supply and demand, and can rise or fall rapidly. Stocks are just one type of investment, but they can offer significant returns if chosen wisely. 

Stocks carry risk, but can offer significant returns. The key advice? By low, and sell high.

What Are Bonds?

Bonds are a type of investment that represents a loan to a company or government. When you buy a bond, you're essentially lending money to the issuer in exchange for regular interest payments and the return of your principal when the bond matures. 

Bonds are generally considered a safer investment than stocks, as they typically carry less risk. 

However, they also offer lower potential returns. 

Bond prices are affected by changes in interest rates, and the value of a bond can rise or fall as a result. 

Bonds are also different from stocks in that they represent debt, while stocks represent ownership. 

Those who are looking for a more stable, low-risk investment may consider bonds. In general, the closer you are to retirement, the more allocation of your investments you’ll want to place towards bonds. However, it's important to remember that investing in stocks or bonds always carries some level of risk.

What Are Mutual Funds?

If you're new to investing, mutual funds are a great way to get started. 

They're like a basket of investments, containing a mix of stocks, bonds, and other securities. By investing in a mutual fund, you're essentially buying a small slice of that basket. 

This offers many advantages, including built-in diversification and access to professional investment strategies. 

Rather than spending hours researching individual stocks and bonds, mutual funds allow you to leave the investing to the pros. Plus, they can be more cost-effective than buying individual securities. 

For example, the Vanguard Total Stock Market Index Fund (VTSAX) invests in over 3,500 individual stocks, offering a simple and diversified way to invest in the stock market.

What Are ETFs (Exchange-Traded Funds)?

ETFs, or exchange-traded funds, are similar to mutual funds in that they contain a collection of investments such as stocks, bonds, or other assets. 

However, ETFs are traded on stock exchanges like individual stocks, and their prices can fluctuate throughout the trading day. 

Some key differences between ETFs and mutual funds include:

• ETFs offer more flexibility in terms of buying and selling, as they can be traded throughout the day.
• ETFs typically have lower expense ratios than mutual funds.
• Mutual funds are bought and sold at the end of the trading day at their net asset value (NAV), while ETFs can be bought and sold at market prices.

For example, the SPDR S&P 500 ETF (SPY) tracks the performance of the S&P 500 index, giving investors exposure to a diverse range of large-cap U.S. stocks. ETFs can offer investors a simple, low-cost way to invest in a wide range of assets.

What Is a Portfolio?

A portfolio is simply a collection of investments owned by an individual or institution. 

Portfolios can contain a variety of assets, including but not limited to:

• Stocks
• Bonds
• Mutual funds
• ETFs
• Real estate
• Other types of investments

By diversifying your portfolio across different types of assets, you can help mitigate risk and potentially increase returns. 

The exact composition of your portfolio will depend on your investment goals, risk tolerance, and time horizon. 

For example, a portfolio focused on long-term growth may contain a mix of growth-oriented stocks and funds, while a portfolio focused on income may contain more bonds and dividend-paying stocks. Building a well-diversified portfolio can be an effective way to achieve your investment goals over the long term.

What Is An Asset?

An asset is anything that has value and can be owned or controlled to produce a positive economic benefit. Assets can take many different forms, including:

• Tangible assets, such as real estate, equipment, and inventory.
• Financial assets, such as stocks, bonds, and mutual funds.
• Intangible assets, such as patents, copyrights, and trademarks.

Assets are an important part of investing, as they can generate income and appreciate in value over time. Different types of assets may be better suited to different investment goals and strategies. 

For example, real estate can be a good investment for those looking for steady income, while stocks may offer greater growth potential over the long term. 

By diversifying your investments across different asset classes, you can help manage risk and potentially increase returns. Effective asset allocation is a critical investment strategy that should be tailored to your individual investment goals, risk tolerance, and time horizon. 

What Is Asset Allocation?

Asset allocation is the process of dividing investments among different types of assets, like stocks, bonds, and cash, to achieve a specific investment goal. 

By allocating your investments across different asset classes, you can help manage risk and potentially increase returns. Asset allocation is a critical investment strategy that should be tailored to your individual investment goals, risk tolerance, and time horizon.

For example, a young investor with a long time horizon may choose a more aggressive asset allocation, with a greater emphasis on stocks, while an investor approaching retirement may choose a more conservative allocation, with a greater emphasis on bonds.

Effective asset allocation can help you achieve your investment goals over the long term, while managing risk along the way.

What Is Diversification?

While “asset allocation” might sound like it’s the same as “diversification,” they are not the same thing. Here's how they differ:

• Asset allocation refers to the process of dividing your investment portfolio among different asset classes, such as stocks, bonds, and real estate. The goal of asset allocation is to balance risk and return by investing in a mix of assets that align with your investment goals and risk tolerance.
• Diversification, on the other hand, refers to the practice of spreading your investments across different securities within an asset class, such as different stocks or different bonds. The goal of diversification is to reduce the risk of losing money by avoiding overexposure to any single security or investment.

Both asset allocation and diversification can be effective investment strategies, and they often work best when used together. By diversifying your investments across different securities within each asset class, and then allocating your portfolio among different asset classes, you can help reduce risk and potentially increase returns over time.

This helps reduce the risk of losing money if any one investment performs poorly. 

For example, imagine you have all of your money invested in a single tech stock. If that stock performs poorly, you could lose a significant portion of your investment. However, if you had invested in a mix of stocks, bonds, and other assets, you would be better protected against losses in any one investment.

If you want to invest like the rich, it’s important to note that hedge funds, which are professionally managed investment pools for high net worth individuals and institutional investors, also use diversification as a strategy. 

They typically invest in a mix of assets, including stocks, bonds, commodities, currencies, and other financial instruments, in order to reduce risk and potentially increase returns. 

By diversifying their holdings, hedge funds aim to achieve consistent returns for their investors, even in volatile markets.

What Are Returns?

Returns refer to the profits or losses you make on an investment over a certain period of time. 

For example, if you buy a stock for $50 per share and sell it a year later for $60 per share, you have earned a return of 20%. 

Returns can be expressed as a percentage of your original investment, or as a dollar amount. 

Market capitalization, which is the total value of a company's outstanding shares, can also impact returns. For example, a company with 1 million shares trading at $100 per share would have a market capitalization of $100 million. As the company grows and its market capitalization increases, its stock price may also increase, potentially leading to higher returns for investors. 

Understanding returns is an important part of evaluating your investment performance and making informed investment decisions.

What is Compound Interest?

Do you want to know the secret to making your money work for you and grow over time? 

The answer is compound interest. 

Compound interest is like a superpower for your investments, allowing you to earn interest on your interest and potentially achieve higher investment returns over the long term.

Here's an example of how compound interest can work its magic: Let's say you invest $1,000 in a savings account that earns 5% interest per year. After one year, you would earn $50 in interest, bringing your total balance to $1,050. But with compound interest, the next year, you would earn interest not just on your initial $1,000 investment, but on the new total of $1,050. 

That means you would earn $52.50 in interest, bringing your total balance to $1,102.50. In other words, thanks to compound interest, you earned more the following year without having to invest more.

The pattern continues, as each year builds on the cumulative total of the years that preceded it.

Over time, the power of compound interest can really add up, potentially increasing your investment returns and helping you achieve your financial goals. In fact, thanks to compound interest, a small initial investment can turn into a substantial sum of money over time.

Why is compound interest important? 

Compound interest can help you build wealth over time, potentially earn higher investment returns, and achieve your financial goals faster. It's important to remember that compound interest works best when you invest for the long term and allow your money to grow over time. So start investing early and let the power of compound interest work its magic.

What Are Capital Gains?

Capital gains are the profits you make when you sell an investment for more than you paid for it. 

Here are some key points to keep in mind:

• Capital gains can come from a variety of investments, including stocks, real estate, and other assets.
• The amount of capital gains you earn depends on how much the price of the investment increases between the time you buy and sell it.
• Short-term capital gains (investments held for less than a year) are typically taxed at a higher rate than long-term capital gains (investments held for more than a year).
• You can offset capital gains with capital losses, which occur when you sell an investment for less than you paid for it.
• Reinvesting capital gains can help you grow your investments even faster, as you're earning returns on your returns.

What Are Dividends?

Dividends are payments made by a company to its shareholders, typically in the form of cash or additional shares of stock. Here's an example to help illustrate how dividends work:

Let's say you own 100 shares of XYZ Company, and the company pays an annual dividend of $2 per share. That means you would receive a total of $200 in dividends each year ($2 per share x 100 shares). Companies typically pay dividends out of their profits, and can increase, decrease, or eliminate dividends depending on their financial performance.

Dividends can be a valuable source of income for investors, and are often seen as a sign of financial stability and strength. However, not all companies pay dividends, and those that do may not offer consistent or high payouts. Additionally, dividends may be subject to taxes, which can impact your overall return on investment.

What Is an Expense Ratio?

The expense ratio is the cost of owning a mutual fund or ETF, expressed as a percentage of the total assets in the fund. Here's what you need to know:

• The expense ratio covers the costs of managing and operating the fund, including fees paid to the investment manager, administrative expenses, and other costs.
• Expense ratios can vary widely between funds, with some funds charging as little as 0.04% and others charging upwards of 2% or more.
• A higher expense ratio doesn't necessarily mean a better performing fund, and investors should look for funds with low expense ratios to help maximize their returns.
• Expense ratios can eat into your investment returns over time, and can have a significant impact on your overall investment performance.
• Some brokerages offer commission-free trading for certain ETFs, which can help reduce your investment costs even further.

What Is Risk Tolerance?

When it comes to investing, risk is an unavoidable part of the game. 

But how much risk you're comfortable taking on can vary greatly depending on your individual circumstances and goals. This is where the concept of risk tolerance comes in.

Risk tolerance refers to the degree of risk that an individual is willing to take on when investing. 

It's based on a variety of factors, such as your investment goals, time horizon, financial situation, and personal preferences. Understanding your risk tolerance is critical to building an investment portfolio that aligns with your goals and helps you achieve the right balance of risk and return.

Here's an example to illustrate how risk tolerance can work in practice: Let's say you're a young investor with a long time horizon and a high tolerance for risk. You might be comfortable investing a larger portion of your portfolio in stocks or other high-risk, high-reward investments that have the potential for greater returns over the long term. 

On the other hand, if you're approaching retirement and have a lower tolerance for risk, you might want to focus more on lower-risk investments that provide steady income and stability to your portfolio.

Understanding your risk tolerance can help you make more informed investment decisions and avoid taking on too much or too little risk. It's important to remember that risk tolerance is not a fixed number, and can change over time as your circumstances and goals evolve.

Ultimately, finding the right balance between risk and return is a key part of successful investing. By understanding your risk tolerance and building a portfolio that aligns with your goals, you can navigate the ups and downs of the market with greater confidence and achieve the financial outcomes you desire.

What Is Dollar Cost Averaging?

Dollar-cost averaging is an investment strategy that involves investing a fixed amount of money at regular intervals, regardless of market conditions. 

Here are some key points to help you understand how dollar cost averaging works:

• With dollar cost averaging, you invest the same dollar amount at regular intervals, such as monthly or quarterly. This means that you buy more shares when prices are low and fewer shares when prices are high, potentially reducing the overall cost of your investments.
• Dollar-cost averaging can help smooth out the impact of market volatility on your portfolio. By investing a fixed amount at regular intervals, you avoid the temptation to try to time the market, which can be difficult and risky.
• Dollar-cost averaging can be a useful strategy for long-term investors who want to build wealth over time. By investing regularly over many years, you can potentially benefit from the power of compound interest and achieve higher returns over the long term.

It's important to note that dollar-cost averaging does not guarantee a profit or protect against loss in a declining market. As with any investment strategy, there are risks involved, and it's important to understand your investment goals and risk tolerance before deciding whether dollar cost averaging is right for you.

To implement dollar cost averaging, you can set up automatic investments in a variety of different types of accounts, such as a 401(k), IRA, or brokerage account. Many mutual funds and exchange-traded funds (ETFs) also offer automatic investment plans that allow you to invest a fixed amount at regular intervals.

What Is a Bull Market? What Is a Bear Market?

If you've been following the stock market, you've probably heard the terms “bull market” and “bear market” thrown around. But what do they actually mean? Here's a quick breakdown:

A bull market is a period of time when stock prices are rising and investors are optimistic about the economy. In a bull market, you may see increased buying activity, high trading volumes, and a generally positive outlook from investors.

On the other hand, a bear market is a period of time when stock prices are falling and investors are pessimistic about the economy. In a bear market, you may see increased selling activity, lower trading volumes, and a generally negative outlook from investors.

Bull and bear markets are a normal part of the investing cycle and can last for months or even years. 

Understanding whether we're in a bull or bear market can help investors make more informed decisions about their investments and adjust their strategies accordingly. But remember, the best investment strategies focus on the long-term and avoid trying to time the market.

What Is a Money Market? What Is a Money Market Account?

You might have heard the terms “money market” and “money market account” used, but are they the same thing?

Not quite…

Though the names share obvious similarities, there’s a distinct difference between money markets and money market accounts.

Here's a quick rundown to help you understand:

• A money market is a type of financial market where short-term, low-risk debt securities are bought and sold. These securities typically have a maturity of one year or less and can include things like certificates of deposit (CDs), commercial paper, and Treasury bills. Money market investments are often considered a safe haven for cash reserves, since they are generally low-risk and offer stable returns.
• Money market accounts, on the other hand, are a type of bank account that typically offers a higher interest rate than a traditional savings account. Money market accounts may offer check-writing privileges and ATM access, but they are still subject to Federal Reserve Regulation D, which limits certain types of withdrawals and transfers. Money market accounts are also typically insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC).

While money markets and money market accounts share some similarities, they are not exactly the same thing. Money market investments involve buying and selling securities in a financial market, while money market accounts are a type of bank account that offers a higher interest rate.

Money market investments can be a useful tool for diversifying your investment portfolio and managing risk. By including low-risk investments like money market funds alongside riskier investments like stocks or bonds, you can potentially reduce the overall risk of your portfolio and achieve a more balanced mix of investments.

Money market accounts, on the other hand, can be a useful tool for savers who want a low-risk, liquid savings option. Because money market accounts are typically FDIC-insured and subject to certain regulations, they are generally considered a safe place to keep cash reserves.

That being said, money market accounts may not be the best option for everyone. For example, if you're looking to achieve high growth on your investments over a longer time horizon, you may want to consider other investment options that offer higher potential returns but may also involve more risk. 

It's important to note that while money markets and money market accounts are generally considered low-risk, there is still some degree of risk involved. For example, if interest rates rise, the value of money market investments or the interest rate on money market accounts could fall.

What Is a Margin?

In the simplest terms, a margin is a loan that an investor can take out from their broker to buy securities. 

Here's an example to help you understand:

Let's say you want to buy 100 shares of XYZ Company, which is currently trading at $50 per share. 

Without a margin, you would need $5,000 in cash to make the purchase. 

However, if you have a margin account with your broker, you might be able to buy the same 100 shares on margin by putting down a percentage of the purchase price as collateral (let's say 50% or $2,500 in this case). Your broker would loan you the remaining $2,500, and you would be required to pay interest on the loan.

Buying on margin can potentially amplify your gains or losses since you're using borrowed money to invest. 

If the value of your securities goes up, you could potentially make more money than if you had purchased the securities without a margin. However, if the value of your securities goes down, you could potentially lose more money than if you had purchased the securities without a margin. 

In addition, if the value of your securities falls below a certain level, your broker may issue a “margin call” requiring you to deposit more funds or sell some of your securities to pay down the loan.

What Is a Margin Call? 

If you're using a margin to buy securities, your broker may issue a margin call if the value of your securities falls below a certain level. A margin call is a demand for additional funds to be deposited into your account to meet the minimum equity requirement or risk having your securities sold by the broker to cover the outstanding loan.

In short, a margin call is a way for the broker to protect themselves from potential losses due to the decline in the value of the securities purchased on margin. 

It's important to be aware of the margin requirements and the potential risks before deciding to use a margin to invest in securities. Margin requirements and interest rates can vary depending on your broker and the type of securities you're purchasing, so it's always a good idea to do your research and read the terms and conditions carefully before taking out a margin loan.

What’s the Difference Between Taxable Accounts vs. Tax Advantaged Accounts?

When it comes to investing, understanding the difference between taxable accounts and tax-advantaged accounts is crucial. 

Both types of accounts can play an important role in your investment strategy, but they come with different tax implications that can significantly impact your returns. Here's a breakdown of the key differences between taxable accounts and tax-advantaged accounts.

Taxable Accounts:

• A taxable account is an investment account that you fund with after-tax dollars. This means that you pay taxes on any money you earn in the account, including dividends, interest, and capital gains.
• Capital gains are the profits you make when you sell an investment for more than you paid for it. If you hold an investment for less than a year, it's considered a short-term capital gain and is taxed at your ordinary income tax rate. If you hold an investment for more than a year, it's considered a long-term capital gain and is taxed at a lower rate.
• Taxable accounts offer greater flexibility than tax-advantaged accounts. You can withdraw your money at any time without penalty and there are no contribution limits.

However, the tax implications of taxable accounts can eat into your returns. For example, if you're in a high tax bracket and have a lot of short-term capital gains, you could end up paying a significant amount in taxes.

Tax-Advantaged Accounts:

• Tax-advantaged accounts are investment accounts that offer tax benefits. There are several types of tax-advantaged accounts, including 401(k)s, IRAs, and HSAs.
• Contributions to tax-advantaged accounts are made with pre-tax dollars, meaning you don't pay taxes on the money you contribute. This can lower your taxable income and potentially put you in a lower tax bracket.
• The earnings in a tax-advantaged account grow tax-free, meaning you don't pay taxes on any dividends, interest, or capital gains until you withdraw the money.
• There are contribution limits for tax-advantaged accounts, but they're generally higher than for taxable accounts.
• Withdrawals from tax-advantaged accounts are taxed at your ordinary income tax rate. However, if you wait until you're retired to start withdrawing money from your tax-advantaged accounts, you may be in a lower tax bracket.

In summary, taxable accounts offer greater flexibility but come with tax implications, while tax-advantaged accounts offer tax benefits but have contribution limits and penalties for early withdrawals. Understanding the differences between these types of accounts can help you make informed decisions about your investments and maximize your returns.

Final Thoughts

Investing can be intimidating, but with a basic understanding of key investment terms, you can start making more informed decisions about your finances. 

We hope this guide has helped demystify some of the most important investment terms, from stocks and bonds to mutual funds and ETFs.

If you have more questions or want to connect with other like-minded individuals who are interested in investing, join TBM Family on Facebook. In the group, you can ask questions, share advice, and learn more about how to invest in a way that fits your unique goals and risk tolerance. 

Remember, investing is a long-term game, and the best investment strategies focus on building a well-diversified portfolio and sticking to your plan over time. Happy investing!